Pallva
Inscriptions
Nos.176
to 200
No.
176.
(A. R. No. 80 of 1919).
Munnur,
Tindivanam Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the south wall of the west prakara (inside) in the Adavallesvara temple.
This inscription of the 12th
year registers the gift of a lamp-stand of five tiers for burning 10 lamps
in the temple of Udaiyar Adavalla-Nayanar at Munnur alias
Rajanarayana-chaturvedimangalam, by Ambarudaiyan Madevan
Kulottungasola-Muvendavelan of Ambar in Ambar-nadu, a subdivision of
Uyyakkondar-valanadu in Sola-mandalam. The donor also purchased 750 kuli
of land and gave it as tiruvilakkuppatti to the Sivabrahmanas of the
temple who agreed to maintain the ten lamps from evening till midnight in the
temple.
Before the time of
Rajaraja III, the god at Munnur was known as Mulasthanamudaiya-Mahadeva (Nos.
65 and 67 of 1919). The village Ambar may be identified with Ambal in the
Nannilam taluk, Tanjore district.
No.
177.
(A. R. No. 440 of 1921).
Tiruvennainallur,
Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the north wall of the mandapa in front of the natana-sabha in the
Kripapurisvara temple.
This record, dated in
the 12th year, states that Tiruvannamalai-udaiyan, son of
Kavini Sambhu-Bhatta, a member of the assembly of the village, had endowed 32
cows in the 21st year of Rajarajadeva for the maintenance of
a perpetual lamp in the temple of Atkondadeva and that the Sivabrahmanas of the
temple now agreed to continue the charity.
The interval between the
21st year of Rajaraja III (A.D. 1237) and the present record (A.D.
1255) is nearly 18 years. It is not stated why the engraving of this
inscription was delayed for such a long time.
No.
178.
(A. R. No. 119 of 1906).
Jambai,
Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the Gopura (right of entrance) of the Jambunatha temple.
An instance of voluntary
human sacrifice for the successful completion of a building is mentioned in
this inscription dated in the 13th year. It registers a
tax-free gift of 150 kuli of land by the tanattar of the temple,
according to the order of Gangayar, to Annamalai, the younger brother of
Atkondan, who cut off his head so that the nitta (nritta)-mandapa in the
temple of Tiruttantonri Aludaiya-Nayanar at Sanbai might be completed[1].
Atkondan is stated to be
the younger brother of Perralvi, a devaradiyal (temple maid-servant)
residing in the village
No.
179.
(A. R. No. 530 of 1920).
Kattumannarkoyil,
Chidambaram Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the base of the south wall of the central shrine in the Viranarayanasvamin
temple.
This inscription, dated
in the 13th year, registers a sale of 60 ma of land in
Viranarayananallur situated to the west of the river (?) Madhurantaka-vadavaru
for 45,000 kasu to the temple of Dvarapati (also called Tuvarapati) –
Emberuman by Sirilango-Bhattan alias Vikramasolap-Piramadarayan
(Brahmadhirajan) of Kiranji, hamlet of Virasikhamukhachcheri in Viranarayana-chaturvedimangalam,
an independent village in Virudarajabhayankara-valanadu ‘on the northern bank’.
The astronomical details
point to A.D. 1255, July 30, Friday as the date of the record, but the tithi
dvadasi commenced only the next day.
No.
180.
(A. R. No. 317 of 1921).
Tirukkoyilur,
Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the north wall of the second prakara of the Trivikrama-Perumal temple.
This inscription of the 13th
year records a gift of 16 cows by Suliyamalagiyan alias Lakesvaradevan,
son of Nachchi alias Tiruvengadapperumal Manikkam, a maidservant of the
temple of Tiruvidaikkali-Nayanar at Tirukkovalur in Kurukkai-kurram, a
subdivision of Miladu alias Jananatha-valanadu[2],
for providing one alakku of ghee daily by the measure Ulagalandan-nali
to the god Tiruvidaikali-Nayanar.
The astronomical details
given in the record are regular for A.D. 1256, January 3, with the emendation
Purva-Bhadrapada for Sravana.
No.
181.
(A. R. No. 50 of 1922).
Tiruvamattur,
Villupuram Taluk, South Arcot District.
ON
the west wall of the second prakara in the Abhiramesvara temple.
This inscription of the 13th
year records the royal gift of gold ornaments, namely: - tiru-nerripattam,
tirut-todu, tiru-varam, tiruk-karsari and tiruk-kaisari weighing in
all 25 kalanju of gold by the standard weight ‘Sokkachchiyan-kal’,
to the god Subrahmanya-Pillaiyar set up in the temple of Alagiya-Nayanar at
Tiruvamattur by Kunrameduttan Vanadarayan Udaiyan Vayiradarayan of
Padirimarudattur, for the welfare of the chief.
No.
182.
(A. R. No. 113 of 1906).
Jambai,
Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the gopura (right of entrance) of the Jambunatha temple.
This inscription, dated
in the 14th year, registers that the trustees of the temple
of Tiruttantonri Avudaiya-Nayanar at Sanbai received 10 kalam of paddy
from Malaiyanudaiyan Ponparappi[nan] Kovalraya and agreed to provide
offerings, etc., when taking the god in procession on the 7th day
of the annual festival.
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No.
183.
(A. R. No. 342 of 1908).
Tiruvadisulam,
Chingleput Taluk and District.
On
the east wall of the central shrine in the Jnanapurisvara temple.
This is a fragmentary
inscription, dated in the 14th year, recording a gift of
three cows for a twilight lamp before the god at Tiruvudai[chchuram] in
Vallanadu, a subdivision of Kalattur-kottam, by a certain Nandipanman[3]. Pillaiyar Nilagangaraiyar, who is also mentioned here, appears to have
been an officer under Kopperunjingadeva. A Nilagangan of Amur with the title
‘Bhupalanodhava’. Corresponding to the title Avani-alappirandar of
Kopperunjingadeva figures in a record from Little Conjeeveram dated in the 22nd
year of Vijaya-Gandagopala.[4]
This person is probably identical with or a close relation of Nilagangaraiyar
mentioned in the present record.
No.
184.
(A. R. No. 504 of 1926).
Omampuliyur,
Chidambaram Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the south wall of the central shrine in the Pranava-Vyaghrapurisvara temple.
In this inscription of
the 14th year is registered a gift of land as tirunamattukkani
to the temple of Udaiyavan Vadataliudaiya-Nayanar by Tiruvalanjuli-Udaiyar
Ichchipperrarayar of Alisupakkam, after purlchase from a Brahman lady named
Alappirandal-Sani, wife of Balasriyan Tirumalirunjolai-Nambi and the daughter
of Karunakara-Nambi of Perumarudur in Ulagalandasola-chaturvedimangalam, a
brahmadeya in Merka-nadu, a subdivision of Viruda[rajabhayankara]-valanadu ‘on
the northern bank’. Ulagalandasola-chaturvedimangalam may be identified with
Omampuliyur itself.
The date of the record,
according to the astronomical details given, is A.D. 1257, March 18, Sunday.
No.
185.
(A. R. No. 506 of 1926).
On
the same wall.
This record, also dated
in the 14th year, seems to be an incomplete copy of No. 186
following.
The details of date
given here are not regular.
No.
186.
(A. R. No. 505 of 1926).
On
the same wall.
In this damaged
inscription, the chief’s name is lost, but the regnal year 14 is preserved It
registers three transactions, viz., (1) a gift of land by Arasalvan
Aravamudalvan to the temple of [Udai]yavan Vadatali-[Udaiyar] at Ulagalandasola-[chaturvedimangalam]
for offerings and worship ; (2) a purchase of some land from the same person by
the devakanmis of the temple from money realized by the sale of temple
jewels ; and (3) a gift of another bit of land which was received from a
certain Brahman to whom this person had given a loan. All these lands were now
given for offerings and worship in the temple. Since this inscription appears
to be identical with the previous one, the former may be attributed to
Kopperunjingadeva.
No.
187.
(A. R. No. 60 of 1932-33).
Tirukkachchiyur,
Chingleput Taluk and District.
On
the south wall of the first prakara in the Kachchapesvara temple.
This inscription, dated
in the 14th year, refers to a sale of 195 kuli of land
called ‘Marundan-tirunandavanam’ to the uravar, for 7,500 kasu,
made in the 26th year of Rajaraja III by Isanadeva,
the manager, and the trustees of the temple of Tiruvalakkoyiludaiya-Nayanar at
Tirukkachchur in Senkunra-nadu, a subdivision of Kalatturkottam, a district of
Ja[ya*]ngondasola-mandalam. Mangudaiyan Tiruvaiyarudaiyan
Tirumuttisuramudaiyan Amarabuyankarapperumal, an andar and a later
manager of this temple in the time of Perujingadeva paid back the amount and
acquired the 195 kuli to provide a flower garden for the god.
The astronomical details
given in the record correspond to A.D. 1256, August 10, Thursday.
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No.
188.
(A. R. No. 350 of 1919).
Little
Conjeeveram, Conjeeveram Taluk, Chingleput District.
On
the east side of the ‘rock’ in the Arulala-Perumal temple.
It is stated in this
record of the 15th year that Katakan alias Nilagangaraiyan
assigned the taxes on the village of Somangalam, except arippadikaval,
for repairs to the gopura of the temple and for offerings to the god
Arulalap-Perumal who was ‘pleased to stand’ at Kanchipuram, in Eyir-kottam
which was a district of Jayangondasola-mandalam. The village Somangalam may be
identified with the village of the same name in the Sriperumbudur taluk of the
Chingleput district.
The details of date
given in the record correspond to A.D. 1257, May 3, Thursday (not Friday).
No.
189.
(A. R. No. 447 of 1921).
Tiruvennainallur,
Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the wall of the verandah in the south prakara (behind the Aruvattumuvar images)
in the Kripapurisvara temple.
This inscription, dated
in the 15th year, states that, on the death of a certain
Tirumalaiy-Alagiyan alias Viragalvirap-Pallavaraiyan[5],
9½ ma of dry land in Emapperuru and Tiruvennainallur belonging to him
was given by Perunjinga as tirukkai-valakkam to his mudali Rajarajadevan
Ammaiyan Valavarayan. This officer in his turn gave it with the consent of
his lord as tiruvilakkuppuram for burning lamps in the temple at
Tiruvennainallur, a brahmadeya in Tirumunaippadi Tiruvennainallur-nadu,
a subdivision of Rajaraja-valanadu. A further gift of 800 kuli of land
for a flower garden, probably by the same officer, is referred to in the
concluding portion of the record.
The date intended was
probably A.D. 1257, March 14, Wednesday; on this day, the tithi was dvadasi
and not ekadasi as given in the inscription. For the previous day,
however, (i.e.,) March 13, Tuesday, the details are regular.
No.
190.
(A. R. No. 700 of 1904).
Tirupparkadal,
Walajapet Taluk, North Arcot District.
On
the west wall of the first prakara in the Kharapurisvara temple.
In this inscription of
the 16th year is recorded a sale of 700 kuli of dry
land by public auction for 5 Gandagopalan-pudu-madai to Panaikilan
Vadugan Vanadarajan of Kottaiyur in Vadvur-nadu, a subdivision of Venkunrak-kottam,
by the sons of Muprala Amritarya Sarvamahakritu[y*]ajiyar of Pullapakkam alias Dharmasurach-chaturvedimangalam in Kasirampedu-nadu, a subdivision
of Kaliyur-kottam in Jayangondasola-mandalam, which they obtained as gift from
the (residents) uravar of Sakkaramudur, an independent village in
Damar-kottam.
The villages Pullapakkam
and Sakkaramudur may be identified with Pullampakkam and Sakkaramallur in
Conjeeveram (Chingleput Dt.) and Walajapet (North Arcot Dt.) taluks
respectively.
The astronomical details
given point to A.D. 1259, December 29, Monday, as the date[6]
of the record.
No.
191.
(A. R. No. 96 of 1906).
Jambai,
Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.
ON
the west wall of the outer mandapa in the Jambunatha temple.
This inscription, also
of the 16th year, registers the agreement made by the nattavar
of the territory situated to the north of the river Avinai and to the south of
the Pennai, to conduct, for the welfare of the chief, a festival called Vannenjan-tirunal
in the month of Purattadi (August-September) in the temple of Tiruttantonri
Aludaiya-Nayanar at Sanbai, from the income in paddy assigned for the purpose
by Vennenja-Nayanar. ‘Vannenja’ was evidently identical with the chief
Vanakovaraiyan Rajarajadevan Vannenjan of Aragalur, a subordinate of
Kopperunjingadeva.[7] The date of this record
is A.D. 1258, December 9, Monday.
No.
192.
(A. R. No. 65 of 1918).
Vriddhachalam,
Vriddhachalam Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the north wall of the kitchen in the Vriddhagirisvara temple
This inscription of the 16th
year, records a gift of 96 sheep by Arulalan Tyagavinodan, son of Solaikkon
of Jananatha-chaturvedimangalam, a brahmadeya in Viluppuram situated in
Panaiyur-nadu, to provide daily 1 ulakku of ghee by the measure ‘Devasriyan-nali’
for burning a perpetual lamp before the god Tirumudukunramudaiya-Nayanar.
The astronomical details
of date given correspond to A.D. 1258, May 13, Monday, substituting the tithi
‘navami’ for ‘saptami’.
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No.
193.
(A. R. No. 439 of 1921).
Tiruvennainallur,
Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the north wall of the mandapa in front of the Natana-Sabha in the
Kripapurisvara temple.
This is also dated in
the 16th year and records a gift of 32 cows for burning a
perpetual lamp in the temple of [Atkon]dadeva at Tiruvennainallur by Kavini
Sambandapperumal alias Valenduma[vu]li-Bhattar, a member of the village
assembly. Reference is also made to a gift of amp endowed by the same person
sometime previously in the reign of Rajaraja III.[8]
No.
194.
(A. R. No. 455 of 1921).
On
the inner wall of the gopura (right of entrance) in the same temple.
This inscription, also
dated in the 16th year, registers a similar gift of 20 cows
by Elisai[na*]dan Jinattaraiyan of Marudur, to provide daily 5 nali of
milk, as measured by the standard measure Arumolideva-nali, for the sacred
bath of the god Atkondadeva at Tiruvennainallur, a brahmadeya in Tirumunaippadi Tiruvennainallur-nadu in
Rajradhiraja-valanadu.
The village Marudur may
be identified with one of the two villages of the same name in the Tirukkoyilur
taluk.
According to the
astronomical details, the date of the record is A.D. 1258, April 8, Monday.
No.
195.
(A. R. No. 465 of 1921).
In
the same gopura, left of entrance.
This inscription, also
dated in the 16th year, registers a similar gift of 32 cows
and 1 bull by Solaikkon Allalan alias Tyagavinodan to the same god for
the same purpose.
No.
196.
(A. R. No. 38 of 1922).
Tiruvamattur,
Villupuram Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the west wall of the kitchen in the Abhiramesvara temple.
This inscription of the 16th year records a gift of 5 cows for burning a lamp in the temple of
Alagiya-Nayanar at Tiruvamattur in Vavalur-nadu, a subdivision of
Rajraja-va[lanadu], by Madappillai alias Alalasundaramanikkam, daughter
(of a devaradiyar) of the temple.
The date of the record
is A.D. 1258, July 3, the month which is lost being Karkataka.
No.
197.
(A. R. No. 255 of 1922).
Vayalaikkavur,
Conjeeveram Taluk, Chingleput District.
On
the south wall of the central shrine in the Vanadhisvara temple.
This is also a record of
the 16th year registering an agreement made by Agastyan
Andan-Bhattan Tanippannisuramudaiyar and other Sivabrahmanas of the temple of
Varanavasisuram-Udaiyar at Vayalaikkavur, to maintain a twilight lamp in their
temple, for 1 madai received by them from palakannan Taluvakkulaindan
Tiruvilimilalai-udaiyan of Iraiyur.
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No.
198.
(A. R. No. 212 of 1923).
Tiruppulivanam,
Conjeeveram Taluk, Chingleput District.
On
the north wall of the kitchen in the Vyaghrapurisvara temple.
It is stated in this
record of the 16th year that Aiyanayan alias Viragangar,
son of Pichchiyar, a devaradiyal attached to the temple of
Tiruppulivanamudaiya-Nayanar at Uttarameru alias Rajedndrasola-chaturvedimangalam,
an independent village in Kaliyur-kottam, a district of
Jayankondasola-mandalam, presented 64 cows and 2 bulls to provide daily 1 uri
of ghee by the measure Rajakesari, for maintaining two perpetual lamps
in the temple.
Uttaramerur was probably
called Rajendrasola-chaturvedimangalam after the Chola king Rajendra-Chola I
(No. 174 of 1923). Subsequently it was also known as
Gandagopala-chaturvedimangalam (No. 183 of 1923).
The details of date
given are not regular.
No.
199.
(A. R. No. 432 of 1924).
Pallavarayanpettai,
Mayavaram Taluk, Tanjore District.
On
the west and south walls of the central shrine in the Sundaresvara temple.
This record of the 16th
year gives an instance of how arrears of rent amounting to 8,000 kasu
were collected in the 13th century. When the accounts of the temple
of Rajaraja-Isvaram-Udaiyar at Rajraja-Kulattur in Tiruvindalur-nadu, a
subdivision of Rajraja-valanadu were audited by Kayiladamudaiyan alias
Solakon-Pallavaraiyar, an agambadi-mudali of Solakon, between
the 23rd and 25th [days of Adi], it was found out that
Amudan Sayan Damodira-Bhattan of Tiruvindalur had not paid his dues to the
temple, on three bits of land enjoyed by him. The owner having died, his wife
and his son Suryadeva-Bhattan were directed to pay up the arrears and they
pleaded inability, but requested the authorities to protect them by attaching
their ‘Arungadan’ land. Accordingly this land measuring 8½ ma in extent
was, with the cognizance of her husband’s brother Sadaiyandan
Tiruvirattanamudaiyan-Bhattan, set off against the arrears of tax and converted
into a tirunamattukkani land of the temple. The income from this land
was then allowed to be utilized for providing offerings to the god during the
mid-day service and for maintaining two sacred lamps in the temple, for the
welfare of Pillai Solakonar.
The temple of
rajaraja-Isvaram-Udaiyar was constructed, evidently after the name of Rajaraja
II, by his general Kulattulan Tiruchchirrambalamudaiyan Perumanambi alias
Pallavarayar.[9]
The existence of this
record in the Tanjore district indicates the extent of the dominion of
Kopperunjingadeva.
In connection with the
reversionary rights to properties, an inscription of the time of Rajadhiraja II
(1163-1178 A.D.) states that a married woman should, on the death of her
husband, become the owner of the lands, slaves, jewels and other valuables and
the cattle of her deceased husband.[10]
According to the details
given, the date of the record is A.D. 1259, July 27 Sunday.[11]
No.
200.
(A. R. No. 241 of 1934-35).
Virapandi,
Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.
On
the west wall of the central shrine in the Karivarada-Perumal temple.
This inscription of the 16th
year, registers a gift of 2,000 kuli of wet and dry land as tiruvidaiyattam
to the god Kariyasevaga-vinnagar-Emberuman at Kulaippalur by a certain
Kariyaperumal Chediyarayan.
Such instances of sacrifice are common. The Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha is
said to have cut off and
offered a finger of his left hand to the goddess Mahalakshmi in order to ward off a public calamity (Ep. Ind. Vol. XVIII, p.
241).
[2]
Miladu alias Jananatha-valanadu roughly comprised the modern South Arcot
and portion of the Salem districts. A family of chieftains called Malaiyamans
with Tirukkoyilur as their capital rose to power in this region and they came
to prominence by rendering help to one or the other of the principal powers of
South India Ancient Tamil works like Agananuru, Purananuru, etc. and
inscriptions from the time of Parantaka I (A.R. No. 279 of 1902) onwards
mention these chiefs. The had marriage connections with the Cholas the the
Pandyas, and they also claimed connection with the Chedi family. It may be
pointed out that the rulers of the distant Sumatra and Java were known as
Sailendras (Tam Malaiyaman) in about the 9th century A.D.
[4]
A.R. No. 41 of 1893 ; S.I.I. Vol. IV, No. 854.
[5]
See Nos. 122 and 150 above.
[6]
This date falls in the 17th regnal year of the chief. The regnal
year quoted in the inscription is an expired one.
[7]
No. 164 above ; see also No. 234 below.
[9]
A. R. No. 427 of 1924.
[10]
Ep. Rep. For 1919, p. 80.
[11]
The regnal year quoted in the inscription is probably an expired one.
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