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TANJAVUR
Brihadhiswara TEMPLE
Inscriptions
INTRODUCTION
The
Tanjore inscriptions also throw some light on the economic condition of
the people of the Chola country about the beginning of the 11th
century. The land assessment (kanikkadan) was roughly one hundred
kalam of paddy for e ach veli of land. It would be
interesting to compare this with the present rate of assessment. Paddy
was sold at the rate of two kalam for each kasu and three
ewes could be purchased for one kasu. The rate of interest was
apparently 12 ½ percent. It was actually 1/8 kasu per year for
each kasu or 3 kuruni of paddy for each kasu per
year. Table A at the end of this paragraph shows the grain value of some
of the articles of daily consumption and table B the wages in kind. The
latter includes learned professions as well as ordinary workmen. For
Sivayogins who had to attend the temple on certain festive occasions and
who may be taken to represent the average middle-class men of the time,
the allotment made for each meal is 1 kuruni and 2 nari of
paddy. Assuming that a middle-class man took two meals a day, the daily
consumption for each man would be 2½ kuruni of paddy per day. In
table B the parasol-carrier may be taken as the type of the lowest class
of manual laborers and each of them got 40 kalam of paddy per
year and this would yield 1 1/3 kuruni of paddy for each day. We
need not suppose that he was a full time workman of the temple. He would
probably be earning extra wages during the time when his services were
not required in the temple. It is worthy of note that chilies are not
mentioned where they may naturally be expected and cocoanuts seem to
have been unknown at least in the vicinity of Tanjore if not in the
Chola country. The tengu [maram] occurs on p. 56, paragraph 13,
and in the large Leyden plates (text-line 314) the donee is authorized
to plant cocoanut trees. Though the cocoanut was known, perhaps it was
not quite common and therefore it is not mentioned among the offerings
presented to the temple. Dhal exchanged with paddy in the ratio of 1 to
3 and curds in the same proportion. Some of the other articles in Table
B are also mentioned in two other inscriptions (Nos.6 and 35). But their
prices vary in the three. This difference must due to the varying
quality of the articles.
A
large number of villages in the Chola country had sabhas or
regularly constituted village corporations which watched jealously over
the internal affairs of the village. The Uttaramallur inscriptions of
Parantaka I published by me in the Director-Generalâs Annual for
1904-05 lay down rules for the selection of members to the village
committees, which were apparently controlled by the village assemblies.
We may presume that the same rules were in force in other village sabhas.
There were also villages where the villagers managed the business of the
village without having been constituted into a regular corporation.[1]
Whenever the village assemblies existed, their transactions must have
been quite lively as there were periodical changes of members on these
bodies. They seem to have been entrusted with civil and magisterial
powers. In fact each village seems to have been a self-contained body
jealously watching over its own interests as well as those of its
members. The village assemblies generally managed temples and were
trustees of public charities. A number of village assemblies are said to
have received money on interest from the Rajarajesvara temple at Tanjore.
In all probability the money thus borrowed was utilized in bringing
wastelands under cultivation. From the produce of these lands the
interest on the money borrowed was paid. The money itself was apparently
never returned. Village assemblies could alienate lands whenever the
liabilities incurred by them could not be otherwise discharged.
The
reign of a powerful king like Rajaraja could not have been without its
effect on South-Indian literature. The traditions about the life of the
sixty-three devotees of Siva which were in later times embodied by the
Tamil poet Sekkirar in his Periyapuranam[2]
were already current at the time of which we are speaking. The Saiva
hymns of the Tiruppadiyam were sung in the temple by 48 musicians
accompanied by two drummers (No. 65). The King himself and one of his
officers set up images of the most prominent of the Saiva devotees and
presented valuable ornaments to them. Rajaraja and his officers would
thus have created a Saiva revival even if it did not already exist.[3]
It is, however, more probable that in setting up these images they were
only representing the religious fervour of the people at large to whom
the lives of the sixty-three devotees of Siva must have been quite
familiar even before the time of Rajaraja.
It
has been supposed that Nambi-Andar-Nambi was a contemporary of Rajaraja.[4]
It is ktrue his patron is said to have been a Chola king named Rajaraja
Abhaya-Kulasekhara. But there is a very serious difficulty in
identifying this Rajaraja with the builder of the Tanjore temple. Among
the poems, which Nambi-Andar-Nambi is said to have classified, is the Tiruvisaippa,
which contains a hymn on the Gangaikonda-Cholesvara temple built
evidently by Rajarajaâs son Rajendra-Chola and called after his title
Gangaikonda-Chola. The composer of the hymn himself must have lived
after Rajaraja; and Nambi-Andar-Nambi who classifies it along with the
sacred writings of the Tamil Saivas, must certainly belong to a still
later period.
The
chief image of the Tanjore temple was called Adavallan.[5]
Another name of the same image was Dakshinameru-Vidangan. Adavallan was
also the name of a grain measure and of a weight for precious metals;
while Dakshinameru-Vidangan was the standard used in weighing precious
stones. These two names were also borne frequently by ordinary
individuals. Adavallan âone who is able to danceâ occurs as a name
of the god at Chidambaram in the first hymn of the Tiruvisaippa,
which was composed by Tirumaligaittevar. The name Dakshinameru-Vidanga
as applied to a god is easily explained with the help of a hymn of the Tiruvisaippa
where Meru-Vidangan occurs as a name of the god at Chidambaram. Mount
Meru consists of gold and is supposed to be situated to the north of
Jambudvipa.
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The temple at Chidambaram seems to have been looked upon as
the Southern Meru, as it contained a large amount of gold on the roof of
its golden hall.
Thus it seems to me that the two names of the most
important image in the Tanjore temple are traceable to the Tiruvisaippa.
The names Eduttapadam, Maralaichchilambu and Niramnipavarakkunru,
which occur as the names of the temple women in the Tanjore inscriptions
(No. 66) are also found in the Tiruvisaippa. Must have flourished
during the reign of Rajaraja. Karuvurdevar who composed the hymns on the
Rajarajesvara and Gangaikondacholesvara temples must have lived after
Rajaraja. Gandaraditya, another of the authors of the Tiruvisaippa,
has been identified with Gandaraditya, second son of Parantaka I. So
little is known about this Gandaraditya that I am tempted to question
this identification. It is true that in the hymn in question
Gandaraditya calls himself âking of Koriâ and âlord of Tanjaiâ
but perhaps this means nothing more than hat he belonged to the Chola
royal family.[6]
Another of the authors of the Tiruvisaippa is Nambi-Kada-Nambi. A
certain Nambi-Kada-Nambi of the Atreya-gotra is mentioned in an
inscription of the 32nd year of the Chola king
Rajadhirajadeva.[7]
In the light of the foregoing facts it may be concluded that only some
of the authors of the Tiruvisaippa flourished during the reign of
Rajarajadeva.
It
has been already pointed out that Rajarajaâs conquests extended over
almost the whole of the present Madras Presidency and included also
Ceylon, portions of the southern districts of Bombay and the âtwelve
thousand old islandsâ whose identification is not quite certain. His
inscriptions, however, are mostly confined to the Sora-mandalam, i.e.,
the Chola country proper which included the Tanjore and Trichinopoly
districts; the Tondai-mandalam or Jayangoudachola-mandalam to which
belonged the South Arcot, Chingleput, Norlth Arcot and Chittor
districts; the Pandi-mandalam (surnamed Rajaraja-mandalam) which
included Madua, Ramnad and Tinnevelly districts; Malai-nadu[8];
Gangapadi, Nulambapadi, Tadigaipadi, and Kudamalai-nadu which
formed the whole of the present Mysore State, Coorg and a portion of
the Anantapur district; and Ira-mandalam (Ceylon) which was otherwise
called Mummadisora-mandalam. Consequently the conquests of Rajaraja such
as those of Vengainadu, Rattapadi, etc., where his inscriptions are not
found, could not have amounted to anything like annexation of those
kingdoms into the Chola territory.
The
main divisions and sub-divisions given below are taken from the
inscriptions of Rajaraja copied so far by the Madras Epigraphistâs
Office.[9]
It may be noted that while the sub-divisions are generally named after
the chief village, the main divisions receive their names from the
titles of the king. It appears also that the territorial limits of the
divisions could not have changed with the change of rulers but
often-fresh names were conferred on them. Of the villages in each
sub-division entered below, those enclosed in brackets are the modern
names and those printed in italics are taken from the inscriptions of
Rajaraja other than those of Tanjore.
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A
â SORA MANDALAM
I
â Arumorideva-valauadu (Ten Kaduvay)[10]
(1)Ala-nadu:
Kiraiyil alias Paramesvaramangalam, Porundambondai and
Sembiyanmahadevi-chaturvedimangalam.
(2)
Arvala-kurram: â Arvalam (Alivalam), Mlinur, Tiruttengur (Tiruttangur)
and Vadaviraiyanpallam.
(3)
Idaiyala-nadu: â Arinjigai-chaturvedimangalam and
Kundavai-chaturvedimangalam.
(4)
Inganadu: â Arappar (Arppar), Kanjaranagar (Kanjanagaram),
Kirandevankudi (Kirankudi), Kirvadugakkudi (Vadugakkudi), Kurukkai (Korukkai),
Palur or Palaiyur (Palaiyur), Rajakesarinallur, Tannirkkunram alias
Rajarajanallur (Tannirkunnam), Uchchipadi, Vimalachittamangalam and Panrur.
(5)
Mangala-nadu: â Mangalam (Mangal).
(6)
Nenmali (Nemmeli)-nadu: â Ararrur, Kunriyur (Kunniyur), Nedumanal alias
Madanamanjari-chaturvedimangalam (Tiruvaramesvaram), Palliyil, Surankudi,
Kottur (Kottur) and Paruttikkudi (Parittikudi).
(7)
Puliyur ânadu: â Muruganallur and Tirukkarayil (Thirukkaravasal)
(8)
Purangarambai-nadu: â Arumorideva-chaturvedimangalam (Arimulidevan or
Arumolitevan), Kalappar (Kalappar), Keruvattur, Kori, Koyilar-Pudukkudi alias
Kondandarama-chaturvedimangalam, Pallavanmahadevi-chaturvedimangalam (Sembiamahadevi),
Panaiyr (Panaiyur), Perumbalamarudur,
Sembiyanmahadevi-chaturvedimangalam, Singalantaka-chaturvedimangalam (Singalandi),
Vanganagar (Vanganagar)[11],
Vankorrangudi Pasippuram and Tirukkalar ( Tirukkalar).
(9)
Takkalur-nadu: Kodimangalam[12]
and Venelvidugu-Pallavapuram.[13]
(10)
Valivala-kuram: â Kirangudi
(11)
Vandarai-Velur-kurram: â Konnur, Kurur and Kurumba . . . . . Danatonag
chaturvedimangalam.
II.
[14]Kshatriyasikhamani-valanadu
(Vada-Kaduvay or Vada-nadu): -
(1)
Ala-nadu: â Papparkudi (Pappakudi), Perungadambur (Perunkadambanur)
and Porundambondai.
(2)
Inganadu: â Ingan (Enkan)
(3)
Marugal-nadu: â Marugal (Tirumarugal, Pudanur (Pudanur), Tanjavur (Tanjore)
and Vaippur (Vaippur)
(4)
Muraiyur-nadu: â Kundavai-chaturvedimangalam.
(5)
Panaiyur-nadu: â Pugalogamanikka-chaturvedimangalam.
(6)
Pattina-kurram[15]:
â Kallur (Kallur) alias Sannamangalam1, Kottarakkudi
(Kottarakudi), Tirukkannangudi[16]
(Thirukkannankudi), Anaimangalam (Anaimangalam), Kovur (Kokur),
Sivalaiykkudi, Munjikudi (Munjikudi), Pirambil (Pirambil),
Mungirkudi (Mungilkudi), Nallurchcheri, Kadambanur (Agarakkadambanur),
Naranamangalam (Naranamangalam), Velangudi (Velangudi), Narimanram
(Narimanam), Sattamangalam (Sattamangalam), Uttur (Uttur),
Nannimangalam (Nannimangalam), Peruvanur, Alangudi (Alangudi),
Turaiyur (Turaiyur), Sendamangalam (Sendamangalam), Siruchchendamangalam,
Kurralam (Kuttalam), Tiruvarur, Uvarkkudi (Ovarkudi), Kadambaivadagai,
Palankorrangudi (Kottangudi) and Venkidangil (Kidangil).
(7)
Serrur-Kurram: â Kudavayil (Kudavasal), Nalur (Nalur), Serrur (Settur)
and Marudattur.
(8)
Tevur-nadu: â Alattur (Alattur).
(9)
Tirunaraiyur-nadu: â Sritungamangalam1 alias
Abhimanabhushana-chaturvedimangalam, Arakkankudi (Arukakudi), Karkudi1
(Karkudi), Kurur, Madanamangalam alias Paradayakudi, Paraiyaru
(Palaiyar), Pidaraseri, Tirunaraiyur1 (Tirunaraiyur) and
Vandaranjeri (Vanduvanjeri).
(10)
Tiruvarur-kurram (on the north bank of the Kaveri): â Adiyappimangalam
or Adiyappi-chaturvedimangalam (Adiyakkamangalam), Kirkkudi and Velangudi.
(11)
Vela-nadu: â Manarkalappalli (Manakkal), Penpalli[17]
Perumbor, Rajamalla-chaturvedimangalam and Tirunallur (Tirunallur).
III.
[18]Keralantaka-or
Tenkarai Keralantaka â valanadu.
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(1)Suralur-kurram:
â Sora-Uttama-chaturvedimangalam.
(2)Tattaigala-nadu:
â Karrali-chaturvedimangalam and Devanappalli (Somur)
(3)
Uraiyur-kurram: â Arinjigai-chaturvedimangalam, Karuppur (Karuppur),
Rajasraya-chaturvedimangalam or Nandipanmamangalam (Yuuakkondan-Tirumalai)[19],
Vayalur (Vayalur), Rajaraja-chaturvedimangalam[20],
Tirupparaylturai (Tiruppalatturai), Vijayankura-chaturvedimangalam,
Isanamangalam (Tiruchchendurai), Allur (Allur) and Sirrambal
or Tiruchchirappali (Trichinopoly).
IV.
[21]Rajendrasimha-valanadu
or Vadagarai Rajendrasimha-valanadu: â
Parantaka-chaturvedimangalam, Puliyur (Piliyur), Sri-Viranarayana-chaturvedimangalam
or Viranarayana-chaturvedimangalam.
(1)
Adigaimangai-nadu: â Perundottam.
(2)
(Andattu-kurram: â Kavaikyattalai alias
Panditasora-chaturvedimangalam, Sattimangalam, Torur and Tiruppurambiyam
(Tiruppirambiyam).
(3)
Innambar (Innambur)-nadu: â Adanur (Adanur), Asugur (Asur), Er alias
Mummadisoramangalam (Eragaram), Kottaiyur (Kottaiyur),
Paraiya-Vanavanmahadevi-chaturvedimangalam, Sri-Parantaka-chaturvedimangalam,
Karuppur (Karuppur) and Maruttuvakkudi (Maruttuvakkudi).
(4)
Irungolappadi: â Valavanmahadevi-chaturvedimangalam.
(a)
Paruvu[r]-kurram: â Nerkuppai (Neikkuppai).
(5)
Kar-nadu: -Dvedaikomapuram part of SriViranarayana-chaturvedimangalam.
(6)
Konda-nadu: â Panchavanmahadevi-chaturvedimangalam.
(7)
Kurukkai-nadu: â Kadalangudi (Kadlangudi)[22],
Kattiyar-brahmadeyam, Kavirimangalam, Kurukkai (Korokkai) and Varagur.
(8)
Manni-nadu: â Emanallur alias
Trailokyamahadevi-chaturvedimangalam, Idaiyarnallur (Edaiyarnallur),
Idavai, Nattarmangalam (Nattaramangalam), Panandadi, Vembarrur alias
Avaniuarayana-chaturvedimangalam[23]
(Veppattur), Tirukkudittittai (Tirukkalittattai) and Tiruvisalur
(Tiruvisalur).
(9)
Mirai-kurram or Mirai-nadu: â Kamaravalli or
Kamaravalli-chaturvedimangalam[24]
(Kamarasavalli), Parthivasekhara-chaturvedimangalam, Iramanur, Kallur (Kallur),
Tirupparanam (Tiruppayanam) and Tiruttevankudi.
(10)
Miralai-naldu (also called Vadagarai Miralai-nadu): â Seynallur and Ilachchikudi
alias Virarpura.
(11)
Nallarrur-nadu: â Kadavaymangalam and Mahendrakottur.
(12)
Nangur-nadu: â Kunram, Marudu (Marudur) and Nangur (Nangur).
(13)
Neluvur-nadu: â Kumaraditya-chaturvedimangalam.
(14)
Pidavur-nadu: â Nayadiramangalam and Pidavur (Tiruppattur).
(15)
Poygai-nadu: â Gandaraditya-chaturvedimangalam[25]
(Kandiradittam), Perumbuliyur (Perumpuliyur), Tiruvaiyaru (Tiruvaiyaru)[26]
and Tirumarapadi (Tirumalavadi).
(16)
Tirukkarumala-nadu: â Tenur (Tenur), Tirukkarumalam (Shiyali) and
Udayaditya-chaturvedimangalam.
(17)
Tiruvali-nadu: â Kuruvaniyakkudi[27]
alias Parakesaripuram, Mallikudi, Tiruvali (Tiruvali) and
Tiruttevankudi.
(18)
Tiruvindalur-nadu: â Kanjaranagar (Kanjanagaram),
Marapidugudevi-chaturvedimangalam and Tirunanriyur.
(19)
Uttungatunga-valanadu or Vadagarai-Kunra-kurram: â Paruvur (Paluvur),
Iraikkudi (Erakudi) and Siruparuvur (Kilappaluvur)
(20)
Vennaiyur-nadu: â Madulavelur, Papparkudi (Pappakkudi), Perunganbur,
Sodiyakkudi (Sodiyakkudi) and Vellur (Velur).
(21)
Vesalippadi: -Jayankonda-Sora-chaturvedimangalam.
(22)
Vilattur (Velattur)-nadu: â Kattur (Kattur).
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V.
[28]Rajasraya-vaalandu
(Mara-nadu): â Sangatti-chaturvedimangalam.
(1)
Kalara-kurram:â Iraiyanseri, Mandottam[29]
and Parakramasora-chaturvedimangalam.
(2)
Mimalai: â Kshatriyasimha-chaturvedimangalam and Mahendramangalam (Mahendramangalam).
(3)
Pachchir-kurram: â Karimangalam
(a)
Mi-Palaru: -Anpanur[30]
(b)
Kir-Palaru: â Ingaiyur (Ingur), Perumarudur (Perumarudur) and Turaiyur
(Turaiyur); Panamangalavankarai-parru: â Panamangalam (Panamangalam)
and Sattanpadi (Sattanpadi).
(4)Semburai-kandam:
-Siru-Semburai (Sembarai).
(5)
Vadavari-nadu: â Tiruvellarai (Tiruvallalrai).
(6)
Venkonkudi-kandam: â Venkonkudi[31]
Vengangudi) and Maganikudi.
VI.
[32]Nittavinoda-valanadu:
â Rajakesari-chaturvedimangalam[33].
(1)
Avur-kurram:â Amuttiravalli or Amitravalli-chaturvedimangalam (Amuttiraveli),
Irumbudal alias Manukulachulamani-chaturvedimangalam (Irumbutelai),
Kunargal-Munniyur, Vilattur[34]
Narasinga-chaturvedimangalam (narasingampet), Pattam (Pattam) and
Sembangudi (Sembangudi).
(2)Kandara-nadu:
â Visaiyalaya or Vijayalaya-chaturvedimangalam and
Ravikulamanikkanallur.
(3)
Karambai-nadu: â Kundavainallur.
(4)
Kirar-kurram: â Perumakkalur, Perumilattur (Melattur), Sulamangalam (Sulamangalam),
Kilimangalam (Kilimangalam) and Tiruchchatturai.
(5)
Mudichcho-nadu or Mudichchora-nadu:â
Jananatha-chaturvedimangalam[35],
Sirrinavar alias Paramesvara-chaturvedimangalam.
(6)
Nallur-nadu: â Mangudi (Mangudi), Nallur alias
Pachavanmahadevi-chaturvedimangalam (Nallur),
Rajakesari-chaturvedimangalam, Perungarai (Perungarai) and Rajarajapuram.
(7)
Pambuni-kurram: â Sirrambar (Sittambar), Araisur[36]
(Arasur) and Pambuni (Pamani).
(8)
Poyir-kurram: â Karachcheri.
(9)
Venni-kurram: â Kirppundi alias Olokamahadevi (i.e.,
Lokamahadevi)-chaturvedimangalam (Pundi), Miduveli part of Pudamangalam
(Pudamangalam), Nagarakkarikurichchi[37],
Perunangaimangalam (Perumangalam), Puvanur alias Avanikesari-chaturvedimangalam
(Puvanur), Vadatamarai[38],
Venni[39]
(Koyilvenni), Venni-Tirappanpalli[40],
Kottaiyur (Kottayur) and Sri-Pudi.
(10)
Virasora-valanadu: â Kamuganjendangudi (Sendangudi), Kulappadi,
Pendadugalam and Siruvenni.
VII.
[41]Uyyakkondan-valanadu
(between the rivers Arasil and Kaveri).
(1)
Akkur-nadu: â Rajendrasimha-chaturvedimangalam, Talaichchengadu and
Tirukkadavur (Tirukkadaiyur).
(2)
Ambar (Ambal)-nadu: â Adiyaraiyakurumbal, Ambapurattur, Avvainallur (Aivanallur),
Nallarundur, Pirettaikudi, Kurumbil (Kurumbur) and Tirukkadavur
(Tirucadayur).
(3)
Kurumbur (Kurumbur)-nadu: â Iraiyanseri, Kayakkudi, Kurumbapurattur,
Nedungadu, Talichcheri (Talichcheri) alias
Parakramasora-chaturvedimangalam and Tiruvidaikkari (Tiruvidakkali).
(4)
Marugal-nadu: â Marudavur.
(5)
Pambura â or Pambur-nadu: â Kadaikkudi (Kadakkudi), Nallavur
(Nallavur), Pamburam (Tiruppampuram) and Tirukkudamukkil[42]
(Kumbakonam)
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(6)
(Tenkarai)-Tiraimur-nadu: â Nerkuppai, Sattanur (Sattanur), Nadar
(Nadar), Nallurchcheri, Tirukkurangaduturai (Aduturai) and
Mahendramangalam (Mahendrappalli).
(7)
Tirunaraiyur-nadu: â Tandattottam alias Mummadisora-chaturvedimangalam
(Tandantottam).
(8)
Tiruvarundur (Tiruvilandur)-nadu: â Akkalur (Akkalur), Ayirkadu,
Nallur (Nalur), Pudukkudi (Pudukkudi), Varagur (Valuvir) and Nallur.
(9)
Vennadu: â Amankudi alias Keralantak-chaturvedimangalam (Ammangudi),
Karuvili (Karuveli), Maralai or Tirumaralai (Tiruvilimalalai),
Tirunallam (Konerirajapuram), Vaigal (Vaiyal) alias
Vanavanmahadevi-chaturvedimangalam, Vayalur (Vayalur) and
Vadagarai-mangalam.
(10)
Vilai-nadu: â Pariyalur, Perumulai, Tiraimur and Vilainagar alias Nittavinoda-chaturvedimangalam.
VIII.
[43]Pandya
(Pandi) kulasani âvalanadu (the later Pandikulapati-valanadu, also
called Tenkarai-nadu): â Parantaka-chaturvedimangalam.
(1)
Arkkattu-kurram: â Ayirattali, Odaveli (Ombattuveli), Perumangalam (Perumangalam),
Pirambil, Pudikudi, Sandiralegai[44]
(Sendalai near Tirukkattupalli), Perarkkadu (Arkadu), Peraraisur
and Tirukkandiyur[45].
(2)
Eyi-nadu: â Tirupper (Tiruppayar) and Attuppalli-Niyamam.
(3)
Eriyâ or Eriyur-nadu: â Karuvugal-Vallam and Vinnaneri alias
Mummadisoranallur (Mummudisolamangalam).
(4)
Idaiyaruu (Edaiyr)-nadu: â Idaiyarrumangalam (Edayattimangalam),
Tondavai-chaturvedimangalam, Nittavinilamangalam and Tirullavatturai
(Tiruttavatturaikattalai)
(5)
Kiliyur-nadu: â Maraneri (Marneri) and Andavanallur (Andanallur).
(6)
Kir-Sengili-nadu: â Mangalanallur.[46]
(7)
Kir-Sudi-nadu: â Arumadal (Arumadal), Kurukkai, Navalur (Navalur) and
Vadavayidam.
(8)
Miy-, Mel â or Mi-Sengili-nadu: â Kadaikkudi (Kadayakkudi),
Vangaram alias Tirunarayana-chaturvedimangalam, Kalattur (Kalattur),
Kavanur (Kavanur), Killikudi, Koyilnallur, Mangalam (Mangalam) Virarkudi
and Visalur.
(9)
Miyvari-nadu or Miypori-nadu: â Kattinaral, Koyilnallur and
Merkudi
(10)
Panangadu-nadu: â Panangulam, Perumbuliyur, Perungolur and Perunjolai.
(11)
Tanjavur-kurram: â Tanjavur (Tanjore); Tanjavur-parru: â
Karundittaigudi (on the north bank of Vadavaru and outside Tanjavur[47]).
(12)
Punrir-kurram: â Maraiyur, Paraiyur, Sattamangalam (Sattamangalam) and
Viraikkudi.
(13)
Purakkiliyur-nadu: Kamadamangalam and Killikudi.[48]
(14)
Sundaimulai-nadu: â Korramangalam (Kottamangalam)
(15)
Vada-Kavira-nadu: â Tirunedungalam (Tirunedungalam).
(16)
Vadasiruvay â or Vadasiruvayil-nadu: â Valuvamangalam
and Viraikkudi.
(17)
Vilanadu: â Malari alias Srikanda-chaturvedimangalam,
Soramahadevi-chaturvedimangalam (Solamadevi) and
Uttamasili-chaturvedimangalam (Uttamaseri).
IX.
Vadagarai Rajaraja-valanadu: â Kir Tengampundi alias
Kumaramangalam (Kumaramangalam), Kodandapuram, Nattarnallur,
Perumbulivay (surrounding Ilambulivay), Tengampundi alias Satyasraykulakala-chaturvedimangalam,
Umaiyur alias Rattakulakala-chaturvedimangalam, Uppur (Uppur) alias
Rattakulakala-chaturvedimangalam[49]
and Vettiyar Padaividu alias Jayangondasoranallur.
(1)Emapper-kurram:
â Kannikudi.
(2)
Kir-Vengai-nadu: â Jayangondasoranallur,
Kshatriyasikhamanipuram,Malaiyanpadaividu, Nambankarai,
Pandyakulantakanallur, Rajavidyadharanallur, Sundarasoranallur, and
Talaivaymangalam.
(3)
Kunrir-kurram: â Tiruvavanam and Viraikkudi.
(4)
Panriyur-nadu: Panriyur and Perumullur.
(5)
Poyga-nadu: â Tirunettanam (Tillasthanam).
(6)
Poyir-kurram: â Aragiyasorapuram, Korramangalam (Kottamangalam),
Mangalavayil, Pachchil (Tiruvasi), Sirukulattur (Sirukalattur) and
Tenkudi.
(7)
Pulivala-kurram: â Kalaiyanpadi and Tirubhuvanam (Tiruppuvanam).
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(8)
Punril â or Punrir-kurram: â Kalamalai (Kalamalai).
(9)
Sennimangala-kurram: â Kannikudi and Olamangalam (Olappadi)
(10)
Varagur (Varagur)-nadu: â Puvar (Puvalur).
B
â TONDAI-NADU alias JAYANGONDASORA-MANDALAM
I.Maladu
alias Jananatha-valanadu:
(1)Kurukkai-kurram:
â Tirukkovalur (Tirukkoilur), Sirringur (Siddhalingamadam).
(2)
Panur-kurram: â Iraiyanaraiyur (Elvanasur).
II.Tirumunaippadi
or Munaippadi on the north bank of Pennai â Peringur (Perangiyur).
(1)Melur-nadu:
â Tirunavalur (Tirunamanllur).
III.Oyma-nadu.
(1)
Anmur-nadu: â Manali (Manalpadi).
(2)
Kitkai-nadu: â Gidangil (Gidangil)
(3)
Perayur-nadu: â Perayur (Peravur)
IV.Aruva-nadu:
-
(1)Vagur-nadu
or Kirvari-Vagur-nadu:â Vagur alias Aragiyasora-chaturvedimangalam
(Bahur)
(2)
Vavalur-nadu: â Tiruvamattur (Tiruvamattur).
V.Vanagoppadi:â
Maruvur (on the south bank of the Pennai) alias
Vayiramega-chaturvedimangalam.
VI.Valiyur
(on the north bank of the Pennai) alias Nittavinodapuram (Jambai)
VII.
Vadagarai âVesalippadi:
-
(1)Vagur-nadu:
â Tamanallur.
C.â
TONDAI-NADU, TONDAI-MANDALAM or JAYANGONDACHOLA-MANDALAM: â
Tribhuvanamahadevi-chaturvedimangalam [alias] Tiruvakkarai
I.Venkunra-kottam.
(1)Perumandai-nadu:
â Perumandai
II.Tamar-Kottam.
(1)Tamar-nadu:
â Tamar alias Nittavinodanallur
(2)
Valla-nadu: â Vovindapadi (Tirumalpur).
III.Kunravattana-kottam.
(1)
Menmalai-Taniyal-nadu:â
Jananatha-chaturvedimangalam.
IV.
Amur-kottam.
(1)
Amur-nadu: â Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram).
(2)
Kumiri-nadu:â Talaisayanapuram alias Taiyur alias
Rajakesarinallur (Taiyur).
(3)
Paduvur-nadu: â Paduvur (Padur), Tiruvidavandai (Tiruvadandai).
V.
Puliyur-kottam: â Mayilarppil (Mylapore).
(1)Kottur-nadu:â
Velichcheri (Velachcheri)
(2)Surattur-nadu:
â Tamnniyalattur.
(3)
Tudamuni-nadu: -Tiruvalidayam (Padi)
VI.Urrukkattu-kottam.
(1)Urrukkattu-kurram:
â Uttama-Sora-chaturvedimangalam (Tenneri).
(2)Nirvelur-nadu:
â Kuram alias Vidyavinila-chaturvedimangalam (Kuram).
VII.Sengattu-kottam.
(1)
Maganur-nadu: â Manimangalam alias Lokamahadevi-chaturvedimangalam
(Manimangalam)
VIII.Kaliyur-kottam.
(1)
Kaliyur-kurram: â Uttarameru-chaturvedimangalam (Uttarmallur), Sivachulamanimangalam
(Ukkal) and Tiruvottur (Tiruvottur)
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IX.Purar-kottam:
â Ninranur
(1)Pural-nadu:â
Tiruvorriyur (Tiruvottiyur)
X.
Paduvur-kottam.
(1)Pangala-nadu:
â Mugai-nadu: â Uyyakkondan â Sorapuram (Solapuram near
Vellore)
(2)Peruntimiri-nadu:
â Tiruppanmalai (Panchapandavamalai)
(3)Miyaru-nadu:
â Tiruvallam (Tiruvallam).
XI.
Manayir-kottam
(1)Panma-nadu:
â Tiruvural (Takkolam)[50],
Kayattar
(part of Tiruvuralpuram).
XII.
Perumbanappali.
(1)Tiruvengada-kottam:â
(2)
Arrur-nadu: â Tirukkulatti (Kalahasti).
(3)
Kudavur-nadu: â Tiruchchoganur (Tiruchchanur).
(4)
Tunadu: â Merpadi alias Rajasrayapuram (Melpadi).
D.
PANDI-NADU alias RAJARAJA-MANDALAM or RAJARAJA-VALANADU
I.
Perumbur-nadu: â Andakkudi (Andakkudi).
II.
Tirukkanapper-kurram: â Palur.
III.
Malli-nadu: â Iyalattimangalam, Rajaraja-chaturvedimangalam,
Seranmamahadevi-chaturvedimangalam or Nigarilisora-chaturvedimangalam
(Sermadevi).
IV.
Nanji-nadu: â Tiruchchirindiram (Suchindram).
V.
Kirkala-kurram: â Tirumukkudal (or) Ten-Tirumalirunjolai (Seviliperi),
Sri-Vallabhamangalam (Gangaikondan).
VI.
Keralasinga-valanadu: â Tirupputtur (Tirupputtur).
VII.
Surangudi-nadu:â Adanur (Adanur).
E.â
MALAI-NADU
1.Vellappa-nadu:
-â Pudukkodu.
F.â
GANGAPADI
I.Padi-nadu:
â Alur (Alur).
G.
â nulambapadi alias
NIGARILISORAPADI
I.Parivai-nadu:
â Kudalur and Kusavur.
H.
â IRAM alias MUMMADISORA-VALANADU or-MANDALAM[51]
(CEYLON).
I.Kanakkan-Kottiyaram
alias Vikramasora-valanadu: â Masar.
II.Mappisumbu-Kottiyaram
alias Rajaraja-Valanadu.
I.â
MISCELLANEOUS DIVISIONS NOT DEFINED[52].
I.Vada-Konadu:
-â Turaikkudi (Turaikkudi).
II.Suttamalli-valanadu.
III.Venni-kurram:--Sirumangalam
(Sirumangalam).
IV.Vadagarai
Rajasraya-valanadu.
V.Kirar-kurram:
-â Niyamam (Neman).
As
regards religion and mythology, the Tanjore inscriptions throw
considerable light. That king Rajarajadeva was a staunch Saiva and that
his whole court followed him is amply borne out. The temple at Tanjore,
which was built by the king was called Sri-Rajarajesvara; the chief
image of central shrine was called Dakshinameru-Vidangan or Adavallan;
and the images which were set up by the king, his elder sister, his
queens and his officers were mostly Saiva. It has been pointed out that
the names Dakshinameru-Vidangan and Adavallan given to the chief image
in the temple indicate clearly that the Saiva creed derived kits support
at the time mainly from Chidambaram in the South Arcot district.
An
image of Kiratarjuna was set up in the Sri-Rajarajesvara temple by the
magistrate (adhikari) Udayadivakaran Tillaiyali. The detailed
description of the image is not furnished. But it evidently represented
the scene of fight between Arjune and the god guised as a kirala
or hunter. The fight ended in the former obtaining the blessings of the
latter together with the weapon known as pasupatastra.[53]
Inscriptions
on the pillars and niches of the enclosing verandah generally describe
groups of copper images set up in the temple and the gifts made to them.
The former comprise god and canonized Saiva saints. Among the gods the
groups representing Pichchadevar and Kalyanasundarar are interesting
from the view point of Hindu iconography. The first was set up by
Rajarajaâs queen Lokamahadevi (No. 9). The group consisted of the god
Siva with four arms in a standing posture accompanied on one side by a
standing goblin (called generally Gundodara) carrying the begging bowl
on his head, and by an antelope on the other. This description agrees in
the main with the figure of Bhikshatanamurti, which we find in Siva
temples.[54]
In a niche on the south wall of the central shrine is a beautiful image
of Pichchandar but without the goblin and the antelope. It is worthy of
note that there is a temple dedicated to Pichchandar near Trichinopoly.
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The
group described in No.48 was set up by queen Trailokya-mahadevi. The
name Kalyanasundara means Sundara (preparing himself for the)
marriage.â The group consisted of the god Siva with four arms. Close
to him was his consort Umaparamesvari. An image of god Vishnu with four
arms was pouring water into the hands of the god Siva, and Brahma was
comfortably seated offering an oblation.[55]
This is the usual representation of the marriage of the god Sundaresvara
of Madura with the goddess Minakshi and I remember seeing a good
sculpture of it kin the Kambattadi-mandapa of the Sundaresvara temple
there which was built in the 16th century A.D. by the Nayaka
king Virappanayaka.
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