South
Indian Inscriptions, Volume 2
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Tamil
Inscriptions
part
- iv
OTHER
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE RAJARAJESVARA TEMPLE AT TANJAVUR
No. 91. On the
north wall of the central shrine, lower tier.[1]
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This inscription
contains a list of silver utensils presented by king Rajarajadeva to the
temple. They are said to have borne the names Sivapadasegaran and Sri-Rajarajan[2]
and to have been procured from three sources, viz., (1) the kingâs
treasures, (2) the booty acquired in the war against the Chera king and the
Pandyas in Malai-nadu and (3) the silver seized in the same campaign. The list,
however, begins with the gifts made from the treasures seized after defeating
the Chera king and the Panyas in Malai-nadu. No mention of the other two items
occurs in the preserved portion of the inscription. But as lines 2 to 4 are
considerably damaged, causing almost the complete disappearance of several paragraphs
in each case, we cannot be quite sure that the other two items are not
mentioned. In fact as the enumeration of the vessels is repeated in different
parts of the inscription, it may be presumed that the other items are also
referred to in the damaged portions. For instance, bowls (mandai) are
enumerated in paragraphs 43 to 59 and in paragraphs 128 â 9; censers (kalasappanai)
in paragraphs 65 to 75 as well as in paragraph 122; small baskets in paragraph
81 as well as in 130; spittoons (padikkam) in paragraph 107 as well as
in 139. It is very unlikely that the utensils described in the latter part of
the inscription were omitted by mistake when the earlier part was engraved. At
the end of the inscription three images of Sri-Vasudeva made of silver are mentioned.
Perhaps these were made from the silver seized in the campaign against the
Chera king and the Pandyas in Malai-nadu. The gold emblems and ornaments seized
in the same war are referred to in No. 1, paragraph 51, No. 3, paragraphs 5 and
6, No. 59, paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 9 and 11 and in No. 93 below.
It is worthy of note that this is the only inscription of
the temple, which mentions presents made of silver. Most of the other
inscriptions record gifts of gold. It looks as if the king had more gold and precious
stones at his disposal than silver.
Translation
Hail! Prosperity! The sacred silver utensils (tirupparigalam),
etc., bearing the sacred names Sivapadasegaran and Sri Rajarajan presented by
the lord Sri-Rajarajadeva until the twenty-ninth year (of his reign) to
the supreme lord of the Sri-Rajarajesvara (temple),â (viz.) (1)
the sacred silver utensils etc., presented from his (own) treasures (2)
the sacred silver utensils, etc.,[3]
acquired after defeating the Chera king and the Panyas in Malai-nadu and (3)
the sacred utensils, etc., made from the silver acquired (as booty)
after defeating the same (enemies) â were engraved (i.e.,
recorded) on stone after (they) had been weighed with the stone called (after)
Adavallan.
2. (The following are) those given from the
treasures seized after defeating the Chera king and the Pandyas in Malai-nadu:-
3. One trumpet (kalam) (consisting of) three
hundred and seven . . . . . . . . . . . of silver.
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [trumpet] . . . . . . .
. . . .
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. One trumpet, (consisting of) three hundred and
one karanju and a half of silver.
7. One trumpet, (consisting of) three hundred and
one karanju . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of silver.
8. One trumpet, (consisting of) two hundred and
[ninety]-seven karanju and a half of silver.
9. One trumpet, (consisting of) [two hundred] and
ninety-two karanju and a half of silver.
10. One trumpet, (consisting of) two hundred and
eighty-one karanju and three quarters of silver.
11. One trumpet, (consisting of) two hundred and
seventy-nine karanju and three-quarters of silver.
12. One trumpet, (consisting of) two hundred and
twenty-five karanju of silver.
13. One trumpet, (consisting of) two hundred and
eight karanju, nine manjadi and (one) kunri of
silver.
14. One [dish] (taligai), (consisting of) nine
hundred and seventy-three karanju of silver.
15. One dish, (consisting of) nine hundred and
eighty-two karanju of silver.
16. One dish, (consisting of) nine hundred and
eighty-one karanju of silver.
17. One dish, (consisting of) nine hundred and
eighty karanju of silver.
18. One dish, (consisting of) nine hundred and
seventy-[eight karanju] of silver.
19. [One dish], (consisting of) nine hundred and
seventy-seven karanju and a half of [silver].
20. One dish, (consisting of) nine hundred and
seventy-three karanju and a half of silver.
21. One dish, (consisting of) nine hundred and
seventy-one karanju of silver.
22. One dish, (consisting of) nine hundred and
seventy karanju of silver.
23. One dish, (consisting of) nine hundred and
sixty-[four] karanju of silver. [Abut four paragraphs are completely
damaged here.]
24. One dish] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [of
silver].
25. One dish, (consisting of) five hundred and
ninety-one karanju of silver.
26. One dish, (consisting of) five hundred and nine
karanju of silver.
27. One dish, (consisting of) four hundred and
sixty-one karanju of silver.
28. One dish, (consisting of) four hundred and
thirty-one karanju of silver.
29. One dish, (consisting of) three hundred and
eighty-one karanju and a half of silver.
30. One dish, (consisting of) three hundred and
seventeen karanju and a half of silver.
31. One dish, (consisting of) two hundred and
eighty-seven karanju of silver.
32. One dish, (consisting of) two hundred and
eighty-four karanju of silver.
33. One dish, (consisting of) two hundred and
seventy karanju of silver.
34. One dish, (consisting of) two hundred and
sixty-two karanju of silver.
35. One dish, (consisting of) two hundred and
twelve karanju and a half of silver.
36. Two (dishes, consisting of) three hundred and
eighty-four karanju of silver â at one hundred and ninety-two karanju
of silver for one dish.
37. One dish, (consisting of) one hundred and
eighty-nine karanju of silver.
38. One dish, (consisting of) one hundred and
eighty-five karanju of silver.
39. One dish, (consisting of) one hundred and
seventy-[eight] karanju of silver.
40. One dish, (consisting of) one hundred and
sixty-six karanju and a half of silver.
41. One dish, (consisting of) . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . karanju . . . . . . . . . . . of silver.
42. One dish . . . . . . . . . . . [About four paragraphs
are completely damaged here.]
43. One bowl, (mandai), (consisting of)
three hundred and ninety-one karanju of silver.
44. One bowl, (consisting of) three hundred . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . three karanju of silver.
45. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred and forty
karanju of silver.
46. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred and
twenty-seven karanju of silver.
47. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred and
twenty-six karanju of silver.
48. Four (bowls), (consisting of) nine
hundred karanju (of silver) â at two hundred and twenty-five karanju
of silver for one bowl.
49. Two (bowls), (consisting of) four
hundred and forty-eight karanju of silver â at two hundred and
twenty-four karanju of silver for one bowl.
50. Two (bowls), (consisting of) four
hundred and [sixty]-six karanju of silver â at two hundred and
[thirty]-three karanju of silver for one bowl.
51. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred and
twenty-one karanju of silver.
52. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred and
twenty karanju of silver.
53. Two (bowls), (consisting of) four hundred and
thirty-eight karanju of silver â at two hundred and nineteen karanju
of silver for one bowl.
54. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred and
eighteen karanju of silver.
55. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred and
seventeen karanju of silver.
56. One bowl, (consisting of) [two] hundred and
fifteen karanju of silver.
57. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred . . . . .
. . . . . . of silver. [About four paragraphs are almost
completely damaged here as in the previous line].
58. One bowl, (consisting of) one hundred and
seventy-seven karanju and a half of silver.
59. One bowl, (consisting of) one hundred and
sixty-five karanju of silver.
60. One water-pot (kudam), (consisting of)
seven hundred and five karanju of silver.
61. One water-pot, (consisting of) six hundred and
ninety-two karanju of silver.
62. One water-pot, (consisting of) six hundred and
twenty karanju of silver.
63. One water-pot, (consisting of) five hundred and
ninety-five karanju of silver.
64. One water-pot, (consisting of) five hundred and
ninety karanju of silver.
65. One censer (kalasappanai), (consisting of)
. . . . . . . . . . . twenty karanju of
silver.
66. One censer, (consisting of) nine hundred . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . karanju of silver.
67. One censer, (consisting of) seven hundred and
ten karanju of silver.
68. One censer, (consisting of) five hundred and
fifty-eight karanju of silver, including four karanju and (one) kunri
of gold laid [over it].
69. One censer, (consisting of) five hundred and
thirty-seven karanju of silver.
70. One censer, (consisting of) [five hundred and
four] karanju of silver.
71. One censer, (consisting of) . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . seventy-one karanju of silver.
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72. One censer, (consisting of) . . . . . . . . . sixty karanju of silver.
73. One censer, (consisting of) . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . hundred and forty-six karanju . . . . . . .
74. One censer, (consisting of) three hundred and
seventy-nine karanju of silver.
75. One censer, (consisting of) one hundred and
forty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . karanju of silver. [Five or six
paragraphs are completely damaged here].
76. One [basket with a spout] (mukku-vattagai), (consisting
of) four hundred and eleven karanju of silver.
77. One basket with a spout, (consisting of) four
hundred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of silver.
78. Two (baskets with spouts), (consisting of)
two hundred and seventy-eight karanju of silver â at [one hundred] and
thirty-nine karanju of [silver for one basket with a spout].
79. One basket with a spout, (consisting of) one
hundred and ten karanju of silver.
80. One basket with a spout, (consisting of) one
hundred and seventy-five karanju and a half of silver.
81. One small basket (kai-vattagai), (consisting
of) five hundred and sixty-seven karanju and half of silver.
82. One cup (vattil), (consisting of)
fifty-six karanju and a half of silver.
83. One cup, (consisting of) fifty-two karanju
and a quarter of silver.
84. One cup, (consisting of) fifty-one karanju
of silver.
85. One cup, (consisting of) fifty karanju
and a half of silver.
86. One cup, (consisting of) forty-five karanju
and a half of silver.
87. One cup, (consisting of) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . karanju of silver.
88. One cup, (consisting of) forty-three karanju
of silver.
89. One cup, (consisting of) forty-one karanju
and a half of silver.
90. [One cup], (consisting of) forty karanju
and a half of silver.
91. Two (cups), (consisting of) [seventy]-six
karanju of silver â at thirty-[eight karanju] of silver for one
cup.
92. One cup, (consisting of) . . . . . . . . . . .
. of silver.
(Five or six paragraphs are completely damaged here].
93. [Of this paragraph only the word karanju is
preserved.]
94. One cup, (consisting of) twenty-nine karanju
of silver.
95. One cup, (consisting of) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . karanju and a half of silver.
96. One cup, (consisting of) twenty-six karanju
of silver.
97. Three (cups), (consisting of)
seventy-five karanju of silver â at twenty-five karanju of silver
for one cup.
98. One cup, (consisting of) twenty-four karanju
and . . . . . . . . . . . of silver.
99. Two (cups), (consisting of) forty-one karanju
and a half of silver â at twenty karanju and three quarters of silver
for one cup.
100. One cup, (consisting of) twenty karanju
and a half of silver.
101. One cup, (consisting of) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . silver.
102. One cup, (consisting of) thirty-seven karanju
of silver.
103. One receptacle for sacred ashes (madal), (consisting
of) twenty-nine karanju of silver.
104. One pingalam[4]
(consisting of) one hundred and fifty-nine karanju of silver.
105. One pingalam, (consisting of) one
hundred and fifty-five karanju of silver.
106. One kachcholam[5],
(consisting of) twenty-seven karanju and a half of silver.
107. One spittoon (padikkam), (consisting of)
seven hundred and thirteen karanju of silver.
108. One . . . . .
. . . . (consisting
of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . karanju of
silver.
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109. One [spittoon] with three . . . . . .. .
. . . . and two rings . . . . . . . . . . three hundred . . . .
. . . . . . . of silver.
[Five or six paragraphs are completely damaged here].
110. One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (consisting
of) thirty-two karanju and a half of silver.
111. . . . . . . . . . . . . . [fifty] karanju
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
112. One . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . (consisting of)
one hundred and seventy-eight karanju of silver.
113. One ladle (sattuvam), (consisting of)
one hundred and forty-one karanju of silver.
114. One ladle, (consisting of) seventy-three karanju
and a half of silver.
115. One spoon for (serving) ghee (ney-muttai),
(consisting of) eighty-seven karanju of silver.
116. One spoon for (serving) ghee, (consisting of)
thirty-nine karanju of silver.
117. One spoon for (serving) ghee, (consisting of)
twenty-[six] karanju of silver
118. One [water-pot] (kudam), (consisting of) nine hundred
and seventy . . . . . . . . . . . . of silver.
119. One water-pot, (consisting of) nine hundred
and fifty-two karanju of silver.
120. One water-pot, (consisting of) nine hundred
and forty-seven karanju of silver.
121. One water-pot, (consisting of) nine hundred
and forty-nine karanju and three quarters of silver.
122. One censer (kalasappanai), (consisting of)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . karanju of silver. 123. One [pot] (kalasam), (consisting of)
five hundred and four karanju and a quarter of silver.
124. One pot, (consisting of) five hundred and one karanju
and a quarter of silver.
125. One [pot], (consisting of) four hundred . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . karanju and a quarter of silver.
126. One pot, (consisting of) four hundred and
eighty-three karanju of silver.
127. One pot, (consisting of) four [hundred] . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . [karanju and a half] of silver.
[Five or six paragraphs are completely damaged here].
128. One bowl (mandai), (consisting of) two
hundred and [ninety]-six karanju and a half of silver.
129. One bowl, (consisting of) two hundred and
ninety-one karanju and a quarter of silver.
130. One [small] basket (kai-vattagai), (consisting
of) nine hundred and seventy karanju of silver.
131. One long receptacle for sacred ashes (nedu-madal),
(consisting of) one hundred and ninety-six karanju of silver.
132. One long receptacle for sacred ashes, (consisting
of) one hundred and eighty-eight karanju and a half of silver.
134. Three (salvers), (consisting of) one
hundred and forty-six karanju and a quarter of silver â at forty-eight karanju
and three quarters of silver for one salver (tattam).
135. Three (salvers), (consisting of) one hundred
and forty-five karanju and three quarters, two manjadi and (one) kunri
of silver â at forty-eight karanju and a half, two manjadi and (one)
kunri of salver for one salver.
136. Two (salvers), (consisting of)
ninety-seven karanju and four manjadi of silver â at forty-eight karanju
and a half and two manjadi of silver for one salver.
137. One salver, (consisting of) forty-eight karanju
and a half of silver.
138. [One salver], (consisting of) forty-seven karanju
and a quarter of silver.
139. One spittoon (padikkam), (consisting of)
one thousand one hundred and [ninety]-nine karanju of silver.
140. One betel-leaf salver (ilaittattu), (consisting
of) one thousand two hundred and twenty . . . . . of silver.
141. One betel-leaf salver, (consisting of) one
thousand . . . . . . . . . . of silver.
[Five or six paragraphs are completely damaged here].
142. . . .
. . . . . . one hundred and seventy-five karanju
. . . . . .
143. One aureola (prabhai) of this god, (consisting
of) two hundred and thirty-two karanju of silver.
144. One (image of) Sri-Vasudeva, (consisting of)
[one thousand] and forty-three karanju of silver.
145. One aureola of this god, (consisting of) two
hundred and eleven karanju and a half of silver.
146. One (image of) Sri-Vasudeva, (consisting of)
one hundred and thirty karanju of silver.
147. One aureola of the same god, (consisting of)
seventeen karanju and a quarter of silver, including (one) karanju
and a half and (one) kunri of gold laid over (its) rays (sudar).
148. One (image of) Sri-[Vasu] deva, (consisting of)
three hundred and fifty-four karanju of silver.
No. 92. On the
South wall, Third tier.[6]
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This inscription records the assignment of certain
villages in Tondai-nadu or Jayangonda-Chola-mandalam, Pandi-nadu or
Rajaraja-mandalam, Ganga-padi, Nulamba-padi also called Nigarili-Sora-padi,
Malai-nadu and Iram (Ceylon) or Mummadi-Chola-mandalam. This is, consequently,
the continuation of No. 4, which registers the gift by Rajarajadeva of villages
in the Chola country (Sora-mandalam) and in other countries (puramandalangal).
The villages of the former are enumerated in Nos. 4 and 5, and those of the
other provinces in the present inscription. The latter is considerably damaged.
The number of villages outside the Chola country whose revenues were assigned
to the temple is, however, lcomparatively small. None the less, they show that
the conquest of those provinces claimed for Rajarajadeva in his numerous Tamil
inscriptions was not a mere victorious inroad but a more or less permanent
occupation of them. The omission of minute details of measurement, which are
mentioned in connection with the villages of the Chola country, is a point
worthy of note. The previous owners and ryots are declared, in most cases, to
have been replaced. Evidently, the original holdings were altered and those
holders who were prepared to accept the conquerorâs proposals were put in.
Outside the Chola country, the revenue payable to the king was partly in kind
and partly in gold or money, while the villages paying revenue in money was
comparatively rare in the Chola country. In Ceylon, which was called
Mummadi-Chola-mandalam, the villages were required to remit the revenue partly
in paddy and partly in iluppai-pal[7],
which was evidently required for the lamps to be burnt in the temple. This
again shows the kingâs solicitude to provide for the requirements of the
temple.
Among the villages and subdivisions of provinces mentioned
in the inscription, Oyma-nadu is an ancient territorial designation known to
early Tamil literature. It is the tract of country in which the modern town of
Tindivanam in the South Arcot District is situated. Consequently, the village
of Perayur in Oyma-nadu has to be looked for in the neighbourhood of
Tindivanam. Padi-nadu in Ganga-padi has been located by Mr. Rice in the Mysore
District of the Mysore State. The village of Alur in Padinadu may be identical
with Alur in the Chamarajnagar taluka of the Mysore District where a Tamil
inscription of the time of the Chola king Vijaya-Rajendradeva has been found by
Mr. Rice (Ch. 69). The villages of Kusavur and Kudalur belonged to Parivai-nadu
in Nulamba-padi alias Nigarili-Sora-padi. Parivai-nadu probably owes its
name to the Bana capital Parivai or Parivipuri, which may be identified with
Parigi in the Anantapur District. Nulamba-padi also called Nigarili-Sora-padi
appears to have extended into the Anantapur District, as Hemavati (called
Penjeru in inscriptions) was its ancient capital.[8]
I have not been above to identify Pudukkodu in Vellappa-nadu, a district of
Malai-nadu. Four villages of Malai-nadu seem to lhave been assigned (paragraphs
8 to 11). But their assessment is not specified.
To territorial divisions of Ceylon are mentioned, viz.,
Mappisumbu-kottiyaram and Kanakkan-kottiyaram. The former was called Rajaraja-valanadu
and the latter Vikrama-Chola-valanadu, while Ceylon itself was known as
Mummadi-Chola-mandalam. The fiscal terms pavumanaittum payappagadi and taranduvachchal
I am unable to explain. But the fact that five villages in Ceylong were
required to contribute to the expenses of the Tanjore temple shows that the
island was a province of the Chola Empire during the reign of Rajaraja I.
Translation
Hail! Prosperity! (The village of) Perayur in
Perayur-nadu, (a subdivision) of Oyma-nadu, (a district) of Tondai-nadu alias
Jayangonda-Sora-mandalam, had (its) previous owners replaced and ryots removed.
The revenue paid by this village as tax, including karanmai and miygatchi
and excess or deficiency (in measurement) is . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . six kalam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . three nari of
paddy, measured by the marakkalcalled (after) Adavallan, which is
equal to a rajakesari. The gold (due from the same village) is
one hundred and nine karanju, nine manjadi. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . had (its)
previous owners replaced and ryots removed. The revenue paid by this village as
tax, including karanmai and miygatchi and excess or deficiency (in
measurement), is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. of paddy measured by
the marakkal called (after) Adavallan, which is equal to a rajakesari.
The gold (due from the same village) is two hundred and two karanju,
[thirteen] manjadi, one-tenth and three-fortieths.
3. (The village of) Andak[kudi] in Perumbur-nadu, (a
district) of Pandinadu alias Rajaraja-mandalam, had (its) previous
owners replaced. The revenue paid by this village as tax,â including irai-kadan
[ura] vukol-[nilan]-kasu, katchi-erudukasu and urkkaranju-kasu
on the land of this village, (viz.,) sixteen and a half (veli),
four ma, three kani and kir-arai,[9]â
together with karanmai and miygatchi and excess or deficiency (in
measurement) and excluding the land (mudal[10])
(set off against?) . . . . . . . . . . . . and paravirai which (constitute
the) portion (vagai) of the cultivators (vellan),â is (one)
hundred and twenty-three kalam, seven kuruni and seven nari
of paddy, measured by the marakkal called (after) Adavallan,
which is equal to a rajakesari. (The money due from the same village)
is two hundred and eighty-four kasu and a half, two-twentieths and
one-eightieth and one hundred and sixtieth.
4. (The village of) Alur in Padi-nadu, (a
district) of Ganga-padi, had (its) previous owners replaced. The [gold] paid
by this village as tax including karanmai and miygatchi and
excess of deficiency (in measurement) is five hundred karanju.
5. (The village of) I . . . . . . . . . . . mur in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nadu, (a district) of Ganga-padi, had
(its) previous owners [replaced]. The gold paid as tax including karanmai
and miygatchi and excess or deficiency (in measurement) is [five
hundred] karanju.
6. The revenue paid as tax by (the village of) Kusavur, a devadana
and brahmadeya in Parivai-nadu, (a subdivision) of Nula[mba-padi alias
Nigarili-Sora]padi, is [nin] thousand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . of paddy measured by the marakkal called
(after) Adavallan, which is equal to a rajakesari.
7. The revenue paid as tax by (the village of) Kudalur, a devadana
and brahmadeya in Parivai-nadu, (a subdivision) of [Nulamba]-padi
alias Nigarili-Sora-padi, is twelve thousand eight hundred and forty-two kalam
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of paddy measured by the marakkal
called (after) Adavallan, which is equal to a rajakesari. The
gold (due from the same village). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . .. . . . . including . . . . . . . . . . and [mi]ygatchi
and excess or deficiency (in measurement).
9. . . . . . . . . . .. had (its) previous owners
replaced. It was granted with karanmai and miygatchi and excess
or deficiency (in meaurement).
10. (The village of) Pudukkodu in Vellappa-nadu, (a
subdivision) of Malai-nadu, had (its) previous owners . . . . . . .
. . . . including . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . .. . . . . [of Vellappa-nadu in Malai]-nadu .
. . . . . . It was granted with . . . . . . . . . [mi]ygatchi and
excess or [deficiency] (in measurement).
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mappisumbu-kottiyaram alias Rajaraja-valanadu, (a district) of
[Iram alias Mumma[di-Sora-mandalam. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
The revenue paid as tax including . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .payappagadi
taranduvachchal is three thousand one hundred and sixty-four kalam,
two tuni and two nari of paddy, measured by the marakkal
called (after) Adavallan, which is equal to a rajakesari; and (the
money) twelve and a half kasu; (also) two kalam . . .
. . . . . . . of iluppai-pal.
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in
Mappisumbu-kottiyaram alias Rajarajavalanadu, (a district) of
Iram alias Mummadi-Sora-mandalam . . . . . . . .. . . . land (measuring)
. . . . . . . . .. . . . and a quarter. The revenue paid as tax including pavumanaittum
payappagadi tarandavachchal is [one hundred] and seventeen kalam,
two tum, three kuruni, and two nari of paddy measured by
the marakkal called (after) Adavallan, which is equal to a rajakesari;
and (the money) twenty-two kasu; and iluppai-pal, three kalam,
(one) kuruni and four nari.
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14. The land in . . . . . . . . . . . nattu . vitti. In
Mappisumbu-Kottiyaram alias Rajaraja-valanadu, (a district) of Iram alias
Mummadi-Sora-mandalam (measuring) (one) hundred and eighty-three and three ma
. . . .. . . . . . pavumanaittum . . . . . . . . . . . . by the mara[kkal]
called (after) Adavallan which is equal to a rajakesari . . . . .. . . .
. . . six; and iluppai-pal, four kalam and six nari.
15. The land in Masar, (a village) of Kanakkana-kottiyaram
alias Vikkirama-Sora-valanadu, (a district) of Iram alias
Mummadi-Sora-mandalam, (measuring) three hundred and fifty-three and two ma
and a half . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . including pavumanaittum
payappagadi taranduvachchal . . . . . . .. . . . four hundred and
fifty-eight and three-fourths.
16. The land I. n a., (a village) of [Kanakkan-kottiyaram]
alias Vikkirama-Sora-valanadu â (a district) of Iram [alias
Mummadi-Sora-mandalam] (measuring) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . one ma
and a half . . . . . . . . . . . . . pavumanaittum payappagadi
taranduvachchal . . . . . . . . . .
No. 93.
On the
South wall, third tier.[11]
This inscription enumerates the jeweled ornaments
presented by the king out of the treasures seized from the Cheras and Pandyas
and out of his own treasures. They comprise necklaces; armlets; bracelets;
rings; sandals made of wood, covered with gold plates and set with jewels; and
others. Four of the rings had the nine gems set on them, viz., diamond,
sapphire, pearl, topaz, cinnamon stone, coral, emerald, lapis lazuli and ruby.
The mention of the nine gems occurs only here among the Tanjore inscriptions.
Another interesting ornament is what is known as sonagachchidukkin-kudu.
It is not clear what a sidukku was and where it was worn.[12]
But that the ornament was made after the fashion of the Jonakas is very
interesting. The donor in No. 28 above was apparently a Sonagan. One of the
donors mentioned in No. 95 below (paragraphs 45, 74 and 75) is the Jonaka Savur
Paranjodi. The Jonakas were, therefore, known in Tanjore about the time of
which we are speaking. The Muhammadans who are at present denoted by the term jonaka
are altogether precluded, as they had not come to the south at the time.
Perhaps, there were some reminiscences of Greek influence, which had prevailed
at the time, when mercantile relations existed between the South of India and
the Roman Empire. It may also be that Savor Paranjodi was an Arab from the west
coast. In any case, it is worthy of note that he had assumed the purely Hindu
name Paranjodi.
This inscription is probably a continuation of Nos. 3 and
59 above, which give a list of ornaments made of gold and jewels presented by
the king.
Translation
Hail! Prosperity! In the 29th year (of the
reign) of king Rajakesarivarman alias Sri-Rajarajadeva, who,â in the
belief that as well as the goddess of fortune, the goddess of the great earth
had become his wife,â was pleased to destroy the ships (at)
Kandalur-Salai, and conquered by (his) exceedingly brave and victorious
army, Vengai-nadu, Ganga-padi, Tadigai-padi, Nulamba-padi, Kudamalai-nadu,
Kollam, Kalingam, Ira-mandalam, (the conquest of which) made (him)
famous (in) the eight directions, and the seven and a half lakshas of
Iratta-padi,â and who deprived the Seriyas of (their) splendor at the
very time when his strength shone so as to be worshipped in all quarters at all
times â the sacred ornaments (tiru-vabharanangal)
(set) with jewels (ratnam), presented until the 29th
year (of the kingâs reign) to the supreme lord[13]
(paramasvamin) of the Sri-Rajarajesvara (temple) by the lord
Sri-Rajarajadeva, from the treasures which he had seized after defeating the
Chera king and the Pandyas and from his own treasures . . . . . . . . . . . . .
set in gold . . . . .. . . . . jewels strung . . . .. . . . . . . excluding the
thread[14]
(saradu), the frames (sattam) and the copper nails (seppani)
and including the lac (arakku) and the pinju among the jewels set
(without gold ?), were engraved (i.e., recorded) on stone as follows,
after having been weighed with the stone called (after)
Dakshinameru-Vitankan.
2. One necklace (kandanan) weighing (altogether)
one hundred and seventy karanju and seven manjadi and worth five
hundred kasu. On (it) were set fifteen rubies, sixteen emeralds
and [twenty]-eight diamonds, and forty pearls in all, (viz.,) polished
pearls, kurumuttu and payittam were stitched (on it.)
3. One necklace, weighing, â inclusive of the twenty-four
diamonds, twenty-three rubies and six emeralds set on (it),-one hundred
. . . . . . . . . . . karanju and a quarter and worth three hundred and
sixty kasu.
4. One necklace, weighing,-inclusive of the sixty-four
diamonds, three rubies and four emerablds set on (it), â sixty â [four] karanju,
six manjadi and (one) kunri, and worth two hundred and
twenty kasu.
5. One necklace, with one sapphire (nilam), (viz.,)
a komalam, strung on (it), weighing fifty-one and a quarter karanju
[and worth] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kasu.
6. One necklace, with a center piece (set with) jewels and
weighing altogether sixty-four karanju and a quarter . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . [and worth] two hundred and fifty-two [kasu]. On (it)
were set sixty-six diamonds, forty-three rubies, thirty-four emeralds and
twelve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [chains] (tudar).
7. One necklace, set with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. One composite necklace (?pulligai-kandanan),
weighing, â inclusive of the seventy-six diamonds, twenty-four rubies and
fourteen emeralds set on the three strings (nan), â one hundred and
twenty karanju, and worth three hundred and one kasu.
9. One composite necklace, with one ball (? Kandu),
[forty] rubies, . . . . . . . . . . .. emeralds . . . .. . .
.[sapphire] . . . .. . . . set on (it) . . . . . . . . and worth
one hundred and one kasu.
10. One composite necklace, weighing, inclusive of the
fifty-four diamonds, and seven rubies set on (it), eighty-three karanju
and one-eighth, and worth two hundred and . . . . . . . and a quarter kasu.
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11. One garland of rays (pasamalai[15]),
weighing altogether . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . nine . . . . . . . . . . . .
and worth . . . . . . . . . . . . . hundred . . . . .. . . . . . . kasu.
On (it) were set seventy-five diamonds, seventy rubies and forty-one potti;
and eighty-three pearls in all, (viz.,) polished pearls small pearls and
nimbolam, were strung (on it).
12. [One] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weighing,
inclusive of the forty-five diamonds . . . . . . . . . rubies, ten emeralds and
thirty-nine potti [set on] (it) and . . . . . . . . . . . pearls
. . . . . . . . . . . twenty-four karanju and six manjadi, and
worth one hundred and two kasu and a quarter.
13. One marriage-badge (tali) or rubies, weighing,
inclusive of the eight diamonds and one ruby set on (it) and one ruby, (viz.)
a halahalam, [stitched] (on it) . . . . . . . . . . .
fifty kasu.
14. One sacred armlet (sri bahuvalaya), weighing,
inclusive of the two crystals (palingu), one agavisadi, one
amethyst (sugandhi) and three kuppi fastened on (it) . . .
. . . . . . . . . karanju and one manjadi, and worth fifty-five kasu
and a quarter.
15. One sacred armlet, weighing, â inclusive of the one
ruby, one amethyst, three inferior rubies (kuruvindam) and three kuppi
set on (it), â twenty-nine karanju, seven manjadi and (one)
kunri, and worth . . . . . . . . . . . four kasu.
16. One breast-plate (padakkam), weighing,â
inclusive of the inferior ruby set on (it),â nine karanju, (one)
manjadi, and worth twenty-seven kasu.
17. One jeweled bracelet (ratnavalaiyil), weighing,â
inclusive of the forty-five rubies set (on it),â nine karanju, (one)
manjadi and eight ma, and worth [twenty] kasu and a half
and one-twentieth.
18. One jeweled bracelet, weighing,â inclusive of the
twenty rubies twenty emeralds set on (it),â four karanju and
[eight] manjadi, and worth . . . . . . . kasu
and a quarter.
19. One jeweled bracelet, weighing,-inclusive of the
eighteen rubies and eighteen emeralds set on (it) . . . . . . . karanju
and half . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . .weighing,â inclusive of . . . .
. . . . . . the eight rubies, â fourteen karanju and a half and four manjadi
and worth thirty-two kasu and three-quarters.
21. One jeweled bracelet, weighing, â inclusive of the
twenty pearls, twenty rubies and forty potti set on (it),-sixteen
karanju and a half and two manjadi, and worth forty-five kasu.
22. One jeweled bracelet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . and two manadi, and worth [thirty] kasu.
23. One sacred arm-ring (tirukkaikkarai),-weighing,
inclusive of . . . . . . . . diamonds, thirty-four rubies and eighteen emeralds
set on (it), â nine karanju and a half, three manjadi and
(one) kunri, and worth thirty kasu and a quarter.
24. One jeweled bracelet (ratnakatakam), weighing,
â inclusive of the thirty-six diamonds, twenty-five rubies and ten emeralds set
on (it), â nine karanju and a half, three manjadi and (one)
kunri, and worth . . . . . . . . . . . . kasu.
25. One . . . . . . . . . . . . . rubies . . . . . . . . .
. . three-fourths and (one) manjadi, and worth . . . . . . . . kasu
and a quarter.
26. One coral bracelet (pavara-kadagam),â inclusive of the
ten corals set on (it),â [twenty karanju], nine manjadi and
three-tenths, and worth thirty-eight kasu.
27. One coral bracelet, weighing,â inclusive of the ten
corals set on (it),â twenty karanju, three quarters of a manjadi
and [eight] tenths, and worth forty-one kasu and a half.
28. [One] sacred girdle (tiruppattigai) with string
(nan), the principal ruby (?arasimanikkam), eye (padugan), kallippu,
large string (perum nan), with small bells (kingini) stringed
mango-shaped beads (mangay) and front-piece (having) ornamental knobs (kimbirimugam),
weighing,â inclusive of the [fifteen nimbolam], sixteen . . . . . . . .
and nineteen potti,â two hundred and forty-three karanju and a
half, three manjadi and three-tenths, and worth four hundred and six kasu.
29. One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weighing, inclusive of
the five diamonds set on (it) . . . . . . . rubies . . . . . . . . . .
three-fourths (of a karanju ?) and (one) kunri and worth two kasu.
30. One pearl uruttu, weighing,â inclusive of the
three [diamonds], three rubies and three potti set on (it), and one
pearl (each of ?) nimbolam and varai stitiched (on it), â
three quarters (of a karanju), three manjadi and (one) kunri,
and worth twenty kasu.
31. One pearl uruttu, weighing,â inclusive of the
three diamonds, three rubies and three potti set on (it); one pearl (each
of ?) nimbolam and varai stitiched (on it) . . . . . .
. . . . . . manjadi, (one) kunri, and worth twenty kasu.
32. One ruby uruttu, weighing,â inclusive of the
three diamonds, three rubies and three meralds set on (it) and . . . . . . . .
. . . . . stitched . . . . . . . . . . . .
33. One ruby uruttu, weighing,â inclusive of the
three diamonds, three rubies and three emeralds set on (it) and one ruby
(each of ?) sattam and ilaisuni[16]
stitched (on it), â (one) karanju and thre quarter and three
manjadi, and worth twenty-five kasu.
34. One diamond uruttu weighing,â inclusive of the
five diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rubies . . . . . . . . . rubies . .
. . . . . . . . . . set on (it), three quarters (of a karanju)
and seven ma, and worth . . . . . . kasu.
35. One sonagachchidukkin-kudu[17],
weighing, â inclusive of the nine rubies and nine emeralds set on (it),-three
quarters (of a karanju), four manjadi and (one) kunri,
and worth four kasu.
36. One sonagachchcidukkin-kudu,
weighing,-inclusive f the nine rubies and nine emeralds set on (it),â (one)
karanju, nine . . . . . . . . . and worth four kasu and one-twentieth.
37. [One] jeweled [ring] (ratna-modiram), weighing,â
inclusive] of . . . . . . . . . . . . .twelve . . . . . . . . . and one . . . .
. . . . . . . . [set on] (it),â [two karnaju and three quarters
and four] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and worth . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . kasu.
38. One jewelled ring, weighing,â inclusive of the four
diamonds and one ruby set on (it),â (one) karanju and . . . . . .
. . manjadi, and [worth] . . . . . . . . . [kasu].
39. One [jeweled] ring, weighing, -inclusive of the one
sapphire set on (it),â seven manjadi and (one) kunri and
worth one kasu.
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40. One [jeweled ring], weighing, â inclusive of . . . . .
. . . . . rajavarttam set on (it), â (one) karanju and
nine manjadi, and worth two kasu.
41. One jeweled ring, weighing,â inclusive of the one
inferior ruby (kuruvindam) set on (it),â half a karanju,
four manjadi and (one) kunri and worth one kasu.
42. One nine-jewelled ring (nava-ratna-modiram),â
inclusive of one diamond one sapphire, [one] pearl, one topaz (pushyaraga[18]),
one cinnamon stone (komedagam), one coral, one emerald, one lapis lazuli
(vidurya) and one ruby set on (it),â . . . . . . . karanju
and three quarters two manjadi and (one) kunri, and
[worth] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [kasu].
43. One nine-jewelled ring, weighing,â inclusive of the
nine gems (set on it),â two karanju and [six] manjadi, and
worth five kasu.
44. One nine-jewelled ring, weighing,â inclusive of the
nine gems (set on it),â (one) karanju, three manjadi and (one)
kunri, and worth three kasu.
45. One nine jeweled ring, weighing,-inclusive of the nine
gems (set on it),â two karanju, seven manjadi and (one)
kunri, and worth three kasu.
46. [One] . . . . . . . . . . . .
weighing,â inclusive of the two rubies, three . . . . . . . . . . . and one . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . set on (it),â sixty-seven karanju and
a half, three manjadi and (one) kunri, and worth . . . . .
. . . . . . [kasu].
47. . . .. . . . . . . . . weighing,â inclusive of the one
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . of superior quality (kunaviyadu) adhering
[to the ore][19], with
several cavities[20] and white
specks, (set on it),â one hundred and eighty-one karanju, and
worth five hundred kasu.
48. One prishtakandigai, weighing,â inclusive of
the four diamonds, twenty-six kuppivayiram four crystal diamonds, six potti
and nine inferior rubies (kuruvindam) . . . . . . . . . . . set on (it)
. . . . . . . . . . fifty-five karanju and three quarters,
three manjadi and (one) kunri, and worth one hundred and
three kasu.
49. One sacred pearl ornament (sri-chhandam),
weighing altogether thirty-eight karanju, seven manjadi and nine-tenths
and worth forty kasu. On (it) were set four diamonds, eight
rubies, (viz.,) nalam and komalam and five emeralds; (on
it) were strung (or) stitched in all . . . . . . . . . . pearls, viz.,
round pearls, roundish pearls, polished pearls, nimbolam, payittam,
ambumudu, sakkattu, (pearls) of brilliant water and red water, (pearls)
with rubbed surface and those with cracked surface.[21]
50. One sandal for the sacred right foot, weighing,â
inclusive of the ten crystals and thirty-eight crystal diamonds fastened on (it),â
twenty-eight karanju and a quarter, and worth fifty-seven kasu.
51. One sandal for the sacred left foot, weighing,â
inclusive of the ten crystals and thirty-eight crystal diamonds fastened on (it),â
twenty-eight karanju and a quarter, and worth fifty-seven kasu.
52. One sandal for the sacred right foot, (made) of
wood and covered over with gold (plates), weighing one hundred and ten [karanju],
inclusive of the ninety-seven superior rubies, (viz.,) halahalam
and komalam, and, the fifty diamonds set on (it), and the wood
and the fastenings. (Its) price (was) two hundred kasu.
53. One sandal for the sacred left foot, (made) of
wood and covered over with gold (plates), weighing one hundred and
thirteen karanju, inclusive of the ninety-eight superior rubies, (viz.,)
halahalam and komalam and fifty-one diamonds set on (it),
and the wood and the fastenings. (Its) price (was) two hundred kasu.
54. One sandal for the sacred right foot, (made) of wood
and the upper part covered over with gold (plates), weighing . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .. . . . . one quarter inclusive of the four superior rubies (viz.,)
komalam and halahalam, and twenty-five potti set on (it);
the one hundred and eighty crystals and three hundred and fourteen diamond
crystals fastened (on it); and the wood and the fastenings. (Its) price (was)
sixty-five kasu.
55. One sandal for the sacred left foot, (made) of wood
and the upper part covered over with gold (plates), weighing one hundred and
forty karanju and a quarter, inclusive of the . . . . . . . . . . rubies (viz.,) komalam and halahalam . . . . . . . . set on (it) . . . . . . . . . . three hundred and
twenty-one . . . . . . . . . . . .and the wood and the
fastenings. (Its) price (was) sixty-five kasu.
56. . . . . . . .
. . . . . presented out of the
treasures which the lord Sri-Rajarajadeva had seized after defeating the Chera
king and the Pandyas . . . . . . . . . . manjadi and
six tenths (On it) were fastened [forty]-one crystals, weighing, . . . . . . .
. . . manjadi; seventy-seven crystal diamonds,
weighing (one) manjadi and (one) kunri; eighteen potti,
weighing eight manjadi and four tenths . . . . . . .
. . . weighing two karanju and nine manjadi; the total weight
being . . . . . . . . . . two manjadi and (one) kunri
. . . . . . . . . weighed by the Dakshinameru-Vitankan;
sixty-four pearls in all strung (on it) out of the pearls which the lord
Sri-Rajarajadeva had poured out as flowers at the sacred feet and with which he
had worshipped the feet of the god, (viz.) round pearls, roundish pearls,
polished pearls and small pearls, weighing . . . . . . . . . . manjadi. The total weight (was) ninety-one karanju
and a half and (one) manjadi and the price two hundred kasu.
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